Which of the following is a disadvantage of surface irrigation?

Surface irrigation is a common method of distributing water across fields, predominantly relying on gravity to move water over the surface of the soil. One significant disadvantage of this type of irrigation is its tendency to cause waterlogging, which occurs when excess water saturates the soil, filling the air spaces and making it difficult for plant roots to access oxygen.

Waterlogging can lead to a variety of problems for crops, including reduced growth rates, increased susceptibility to disease, and even crop failure in severe cases. It often results from improper management of the surface irrigation system, such as inappropriate scheduling or flooding the fields for too long, which can be amplified in poorly drained soils.

Effective surface irrigation requires careful design and management to avoid such issues. For instance, ensuring proper slope and drainage can help mitigate the risk of waterlogging. By understanding this downside, irrigators can make more informed choices about irrigation methods and strategies that suit their specific agricultural needs.